elizabethan attitudes towards different cultures

BOGAEV: But we should know this! The play kind of seems to want to ask, What are his loyalties? That comes out very clearly in the play at the end, where Othello talks about, you know, taking by th throat the circumcisd dog, / And smote him, thus. And so he kind of destroys the internal Turk inside of him, through the hand of Venetian authority. While some travel narratives from the Elizabethan period comment positively on black Africans, there are many that do not. And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects. As for the father of a family, they had of old under the law of nature patriam potestatem [ancestral power], which was potestatem vitae et necis [power of life and death] over their children or family. We go back thinking about the Middle Ages and the popularity of certain kinds of romance forms. The relationship that Romeo had with Juliet might have been different in the modern world. Roles: Because women were thought to be man's inferior in intellect and virtue, women were held to be subordinate and inferior to their husbands, who were considered to be superior partners in marriage. This absolute power is called martial law. To be short the Prince is the life, the head, and the authority of all things that be done in the realm of England. One of those thinkers is Ambereen Dadabhoy, an assistant professor of literature at Harvey Mudd, the liberal arts, engineering, science, and mathematics college in Claremont, California. DADABHOY: But al-Mansur ends up being the king who is the one who negotiates with Elizabeth I. Its his ambassador who we have the famous portrait of, and who Shakespeare might have seen, because they were part of certain royal pageants. Negro has specific meaning that is tied to being made fit for a certain kind of dominance by European and white powers. In the play Othello, Shakespeare presents an African man who negates such stereotypical views. And lastly, as for the head of the natural body, the head has the power of directing all the members of the body to that use which the judgment in th head thinks most convenient. An Exhortation Concerning Good Order, and Obedience to Rulers and Magistrates," Sermon preached in all English Churches in 1547: ALmighty God hath created and appointed all things in heaven, earth, and waters, in a most excellent and perfect order. Thank you so much. It requires, I think, teaching this period certainly differently from how I was taught. Theyre transformed into other kinds of encounters now when weve traveled a couple of centuries forward. ; . The period with which we are concerned here - let us say the sixteenth and . Dr. Dadabhoy researches the role of identity and difference in literature, and she has a chapter in the monumental, new Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Race thats called Barbarian Moors: Documenting Racial Formation in Early Modern England.. And if we dont do that, we reconstruct history in a way that is dishonest and that gets us to the problems that we have right now in our own culture, where people dont want to face the reality of the past; really kind of understand why we have all of the issues that we have with injustice and particularly racial injustice in this country, and also, I would say, in the UK. Certes, nothing finally, except some man would imagine eftsoons [soon afterward] Chaos, which of some is expounded a confused mixture. Published online by Cambridge University Press: What does each place represent? If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. That is, of course, the Ottoman Empire. Our April festival celebrating 400 years of Shakespeare's First Folio, Our award-winning performances of Shakespeare, adaptations, and new works, Our early music ensemble Folger Consort and more, Our longstanding O.B. Behold also the order that God hath put generally in all his creatures, beginning at the most inferior or base, and ascending upward. In the play Othello, Shakespeare presents an African man who negates such stereotypical views. DADABHOY: But even that is so problematic, right? Weve been engaged here at the Folger in a series of Critical Race Conversations. A revolution in reading (and to a lesser extent writing) was taking place. So how does Othello compare to these other productions? There were two types of poor in Elizabethan England. She rode on horseback, or on a litter, carried above the eye-level of the crowd. Gives a prose account of intriguing females such as Eve, Jezebel, etc. Marriage: Early marriage was more common among the nobility and gentry than further down the social scale. We know that it is an unfixable thing, and it is about power and domination. It was edited by Gail Kern Paster. It is generally considered foolish to marry for love, although love may occur in marriage. The first component is based on the knowledge we acquire and feel confident about the fact that we are educated on that subject and can present someone with the relevant information. } It turns out, we should look back pretty far. Additional background information on Elizabethan attitudes toward revenge can also be found in the Cambridge version of the play. Is one white and one not white? So, we see that genre, it was quite popular in the Middle Ages. For commonly women are the most part of the forenoon painting themselves, and frizzing their hairs, and prying in their glass like Apes, to pranck up themselves in their gawdies, like Poppets, or like the Spider which weaves a fine web to hang the fly.". . Othello - Values and Attitudes "If Othello didnt begin as a play about race, history has made it one."The Venetian society that Othello is set in is representative of the writers context. The impact of foreigners on a community or a culture is affected, obviously enough, both by the opportunities for contact and knowledge that exist, and by the framework of assumptions within which information about foreign lands and customs is presented and received. . In war time, and in the field the Prince hath also absolute power, so that his word is a law, he may put to death, or to other bodily punishment, whom he shall think so to deserve, without process of law or form of judgment. Explicit attitudes towards emotional expression of Chinese were stronger than that of European Americans, p < .001, d = 0.86, 95%CI[0.93, 0.37].Compared to European Americans, Chinese believed emotional expression was a less positive regulatory strategy. In heaven he hath appointed distinct or several orders and slates of archangels and angels. We see here already Othello as kind of being hypersexualized and also criminalized in a way through the elopement. They dare not show their husbands; their best conscience Is not to leave't undone, but keep't unknown. Dr. Dadabhoy was interviewed by Barbara Bogaev. Elizabethan England was highly patriarchal in attitudes and structure. The impact of foreigners on a community or a culture is affected, obviously enough, both by the opportunities for contact and knowledge that exist, and by the framework of assumptions within which information about foreign lands and customs is presented and received. I tell them that its okay to come from a certain kind of position, but its also necessary then for us to think about the positions that we cant occupy and the blind spots that we might have. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power. Cultural difference in attitudes towards stuttering among British, Arab and Chinese students: Considering home and host cultures Int J Lang Commun Disord. But in that context, its usually, I am from Barbary and therefore I am calling myself a Barbarian. But then when its applied to Muly Hamet, its in connection to negro, and so the negro barbarian, and in that context it means barbarian in the sense of how we use the word now, right? BOGAEV: Is this where you see that Moors are called Barbarians, meaning from Barbary, but also, they start to get the connotation of barbarians, less civilized? The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). This lesson seeks to sensitize students to the complex nature of revenge as it is portrayed in Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.Students learn how Shakespeare's play interprets Elizabethan attitudes toward revenge, as reflected in the structure of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy, one of the most popular forms of drama of that era. But it really was in how I got to my topic was really from a moment of teaching Othello really. The Chinese. 2021 May;56(3):609-619. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12617. Because your work, it really puts a different spin on Othello, and it also puts such a different spin on the traditional thinking about The Renaissance, with a capital T and a capital R. I mean as you put it in your essay, Empires built on exploitation, on bondage, on enslavement, on genocide of Indigenous people, and you ask in that same paragraph, How can we have this glorious, early modern period if its also implicated in all of those things? How do you answer that question? Including in the world of Shakespeare studies. Certainly, I dont think it was the first play to do so, but it was the play that really centered on Morocco, focused on presenting this Moorish villain character whose racial Blackness becomes that Blackness gives the reason for his villainy. Is that how you see it? Where does the actual the race, yeah, the skin color, come in? We dont know what we dont know, and we dont know what we havent experienced, and how that dialogue is really important because we might be overlooking something simply because we didnt even know to ask that question. They make and unmake their subjects; they have power of raising and casting down, of life and of death; judges over all their subjects, and in all cases, and yet accountable to none but God only. In the mid 1600s, England went through a time called "Elizabethan Era.". But somehow scholars look at this play and argue that race and racism as we understand it are present in it because the term Moor is so inexact and ambiguous. The water, which is somewhat consolidate and approacheth to corruption, is next unto the earth. Blackness working in concert with villainy, untrustworthiness, fit for servitude, But also a warning, right? Furthermore, women of the Elizabethan era had virtually no legal nor political rights. 1) How did the city of Venice treat people of different cultures and faiths? The women of the Elizabethan era were given education only if they were members of the nobility. Youre in this niche, or, It doesnt exist, and so youre talking about something that has no relevance. What this study adds to existing knowledge To the best of our . Joseph Swetnam, "The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Forward, and Unconstant Women," 1615: Women degenerate from the use they were framed unto, by leading a proud, lazie, and idle life, to the great hinderance of their poor husbands. 6 . . Its based on current events at the time. However, though the society was patriarchal, new ideas and thinking were evolv BOGAEV: Youre talking about George Peeles play, The Battle of Alcazar, and it was from 1594. The common wealth is judged by that which is most ordinarily and commonly done through the whole realm. But I think a lot about this play also because I work in the context of the Mediterranean and the context of the Ottoman Empire. ; 11 Strikingly enough, the study of popular Shakespeare in live performances has been relatively unexplored. DADABHOY: Yes. They can have a powerful influence over behavior and affect how people act in various situations. Elizabethan Englishmen associated blackness with evil, death, and danger. In many ways, they become what is known as bi cultural or multi . Gender roles during the Elizabethan era limited the roles of women. I felt that negro here was not a value-neutral descriptor. And the fact of the Holy Land, its also a place where you have a lot of encounter with people who are different culturally, linguistically, religiously, but also racially and ethnically. . In this period, the use of negro in various European languages is always connected to the kinds of discourses that we associate with race. And the like power have kings. if the sepia [cuttlefish] is struck with a trident, the male comes to help the female, but the female makes her escape if the male is struck. 28 March 2007. However, comparing The Tempest to European colonialist attitudes in the Elizabethan era provokes a 21st century audience to re . We're at a moment in time when we need to do more than tolerate each other. You say in your writing that the play is very short and very strange, but what you really get into is the way in which the word negro in the play conveys so much. The period with which we are concerned here - let us say the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries - is well known as one in which the amount of scientific information about the world increased dramatically. The Jews were not allowed . To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org Let him show us his letters of privilege for so noble and so great a charge. The water above is kept and raineth down in due time an season. The earth, which is of substance gross and ponderous, is set of all elements most lowest. When I am playing with my cat, who knows whether she have more sport in dallying with me than I have in gaming with her? Really, for me, one of the things that is interesting to think about with this character is that he also represents like, this is a character that owes a lot to the kinds of issues that we see come up in George Peeles The Battle of Alcazar. I mean, I think that its the practices of how we read, how we think; that theyre all kind of regulated by the modes of whiteness. What do we know about who they were and where they came from? I mean one of the things about Shakespeare is he does something different than what other people are doing. In the Elizabethan era, gender roles were clearly defined. Cognitive, behavioural and. The females of all animals are less violent in their passions than the males, except the female bear and pardalis [panther], for the female of these appears more courageous than the male. Speaking to colonialism and power and geopolitics in the play, Venice and Cyprus are very important to the action. Render date: 2023-03-04T23:25:34.993Z As your awareness of culture increases, your attitude toward cultural difference likewise evolves. They are able to empathize with people from different cultures. So, is that the origins of racial thinking? So, Shakespearean audiences, then, already had exposure to, or thoughts along, these lines, and theyre getting it from different aspects of culture. Overview of the Elizabethan Fairy. Culture is related to the development of our attitude. I mean such fathers of families as were the lineal heirs of those families whereof kings did originally come, for kings had their first original from them who planted and spread themselves in colonies through the world. . Were people saying like, Oh, if youre interested in this race stuff, youre in this niche?. Thats what traditional scholarship says. So, if Islamic characters are converting to Christianity or Black pagan characters are converting to Christianity, they might also be turning white, sometimes literally, in these romances, but other times just symbolically. ELIZABETHAN ATTITUDES: AN ANTHOLOGY. Benefits. Because these are all cultural imperatives that were talking about. He also says in that same scene, Haply, for I am black, right? Of all creatures man is the most miserable and frail, and therewithal the proudest and disdainfullest. 3.2. At the centre was Queen Elizabeth I, 'The Virgin Queen' and the latter part of . Plagiarism attitudes common across cultures. Then Cyprus represents being in that border region where one can potentially go native in a certain context. Request Permissions. Different cultures have different perspectives on disclosing emotions, the reasons behind a misunderstanding or conflict, or personal information. Journal of African American Men A good deal of mutual affection existed in most marriages, with wives occupying a separate but subordinate sphere in the family economy. And as you say, it takes place in Moroccoand well get back to Othello in a momentbut its really interesting what you have to say about this. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. And Cyprus is quite close to, sort of, the center of power of the Ottoman Empire, thinking about Istanbul. He is Black; therefore, he is a villain. . Yes, exactly. Shakespeare Unlimited comes to you from the Folger Shakespeare Library. This podcast episode, In the Old Age, Black Was Not Counted Fair, was produced by Richard Paul. For kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. Then concern they but a few. How knoweth he by the virtue of his understanding the inward and secret motions of beasts? Shakespeare's works Read and learn more about Shakespeare's plays and poems; Shakespeare in print The First Folio (the book that gave us Shakespeare) and what came after; Shakespeare in performance From playhouse to film sets, explore four centuries of staging . That was specifically directed at people from Spain, right? It was introduced to ensure that the poor relief was collected to help the poor. Folger Shakespeare Library. And, I mean, its complicated. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. OF THE POWER AND PLACE OF KINGS AND PRINCES. Because I came to this play having read about it, before I even read the play. The English-izing of all these names is really confusing, yeah. Thomas Bentley, "The Monument of Matronness," 1572: Primarily a devotional treatise, it sets forth proof of woman's nobility and greatness. But we might want to think about how they got to Spain. I dont want to essentialize identity, but I think that for white scholars, if youve never had to think about race as a thing that you have to concern yourself with in your life, because you dont think about whiteness as being a raced category, then youre not going to have the tools to be able to even understand that race is in front of you when its just standing there. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. It would be in her nature to love someone who was from her own culture. One of the reasons why traveling is important for everyone is because it helps us become more inclusive and have a . This hath been some time used within the realm before any open war in sudden insurrections and rebellions, but that not allowed of wise and grave men, who in that their judgment had consideration of the consequence and example, as much as of the present necessity, especially, when by any means the punishment might have been done by order of law. . The Elizabethan wanted to help the idle poor. That part of how the discourse accrues its powerbecause that power is always historically contingentis in its malleability. If were talking about the imperial contest between Venice and the Ottoman Empire, and if Venice is supposed to stand for Europe and the Ottoman Empire is supposed to stand for the dangerous eastern Other, then we see in Cyprus how one is endangered by being in close proximity to that dangerous Other. We are working through this pandemic helping people in need with delivery. Behold the four elements, whereof the body of man is compact, how they set in their places, called spheres, higher or lower, according to the sovereign of their natures: that is to say, the fire as the most pure element, having in it nothing that is corruptible, in his place is highest and above other element. Differences in cultures have led to a diversity in the people from different parts of the world. Thats proof that race, as we know it, people werent thinking that way back in that time. Many of their viewpoints were substantiated from their dominant influence of Christianity, whether Protestant or Catholic. A lot of the scholarship about it talks about, how in this play, we have white Moors and we have Blackamoors, and that the fact that we have all of these kinds of Moors suggests that race, as we understand it in terms of the symbolic loading of meaning onto skin, is not present in this play. At first the aim of the Spanish Armada was to liberate the captive Queen of Scots, but when Mary was executed for conspiring Elizabeth's death in 1587, Philip planned to invade England in the name of his daughter, the Infanta . The word insular might have been coined to describe us. 4. The duties of husband and wife were explicitly defined and expected to be followed by both men and women. If youre not conversant with that work, then youre not going to understand that the things that youre identifying as not race are actually deeply connected to race. The importance of culture lies in its close association with the ways of thinking and living. When we look at medieval writings seeking for information that bears on the question, 'what attitudes to foreigners were traditional in English literature?' The King of Portugal, Sebastian, and two Moroccan kings end up dying. DADABHOY: It was directed at the Black population, who are identified as having come from Spain. However, in Othello by William Shakespeare, had issues about race. Its in the room with me, not just because of who I am, but because of the play that Ive chosen to teach. DADABHOY: It really does. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The good, so-called white Moor, who in the play is not really described as a white Moor but thats how critics have read him. When facing differences between the company and foreign cultures, different people have different attitudes which can be listed as being ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric. The Chinese culture is among the oldest cultures around the world, hence its rich history and traditions. What was the framework of assumptions concerning foreigners? I mean, this is whats so fascinating about your research, that theres so much misinformation really. Now a father may dispose of his inheritance to his children at his pleasure: yea, even disinherit the eldest upon just occasions, and prefer the youngest, according to his liking; make them beggars or rich at his pleasure; restrain, or banish out of his presence, as he finds them give cause of offence, or restore them in favor again with the penitent sinner. [14] The history of fairies, though debatable, is rich and magical. So were he a foolish father that would disinherit or destroy his children without a cause, or leave off the careful education of them. The earth, trees, seeds, plants, herbs, corn, grass, and all manner of beasts, keep themselves in their order: all the parts of the whole year, as winter, summer, months, nights, and days, continue in their order: all kinds of fish in the sea, rivers, and waters, with all fountains, springs, yea, the seas themselves, keep their comely curfew and order: and man himself also hath all his parts both within and without, as soul, heart, mind, memory, understanding, reason, speech, with all and singular corporal members of his body, in a profiltable, necessary, and pleasant order: every degree of people in their vocation, calling, and office, hath appointed to them their duty and order: some are in high degree, some inlow, some kings and princes, some inferiors and subjectgs, priests and laymen, masters and servants, fathers and children, husands and wives, rich and poor; and every one hath need of other; so that in all things is to be lauded and praised the goodly order of God, without the which no house, no city, no commonwealth can continue and endure, or last.

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